Advantages and Disadvantages of Projective Tests - 1137 Words

Final Examination Part one (answer any two) What are some of the advantages and disadvantages with using projective tests? Make sure to include the concepts of validity and reliability in your answer. As part of the ability tests, which measure what we have learned and our ability to learn new things, Projective tests are used to deduce a persons feelings, needs and motive on the basis of a persons interpretation of ambiguous stimuli, which consists of pictures, patterns and stories. The commonly used projective tests are the Roschach Inkblot Test in which the test taker must describe what he or she thinks the image is. Another test is the Thematic Apperception Test In which the test taker must make up stories interpreting a series of 20 ambiguous scenes. Projective tests allow many psychologists to assess unconscious aspects of personality, a great advantage of projective testing is that since the subject doesnt know how can his or her response will be interpreted dues to the fact that there is no grading scale to go by, the subject is not easily led to lie or fake his or her personality traits. On the downside the responders attitude can easily be influenced by the test setting, also since there is no grading scale the test results tend to lack validity and reliability, since the results may vary by examiners. What are somatoform disorders? Why are they difficult to diagnosis and treat? Somatoform disorders are a group of psychiatricShow MoreRelatedTaking a Look at Personality Testing1387 Words   |  6 Pagesdemonstrate how objective and projective approaches to personality testing have different results and outcomes, thereby reason why objective is the better form of personality testing. Given the different nature and formats of the two methods of personality testing, it is clear that wither side has strengths and weaknesses Principles of Personality Testing Loevinger (1955) has proposed five principles for personality assessment. The first is concerned with the structure of the test. This suggests a greaterRead MoreThe Different Forms of Psychometric Tests Essay1365 Words   |  6 PagesPsychometric Tests Describe the different forms of Psychometric tests commonly used by employers to assist in employee selection and comment on the advantages and disadvantages of their use. Since the beginning of civilization, employers have testing prospective workers in order to select suitable candidates. Original tests would have been a rigidly controlled standardized system of examinations. However in 1883 Galton produced the first psychometric tests to measureRead MoreHow The Traumatic Events Affected The Adolescents1247 Words   |  5 Pagesobtain insight to how the traumatic events affected the adolescents. Using a structured interview would allow my research to be easily replicated, as there would be a designated list of closed questions. Additionally, closed questions would be easier to test for reliability, as they are easier to quantify than other interview questions. Furthermore, having a set of closed questions would allow the interview process to move at a fairly quick pace, resulting in completing interviews in a short amount ofRead MoreThe Test Of Personality Assessments1732 Words   |  7 Pagesspecific diagnosis, or a previous experience, these tests are administered to gain insight into an individual’s thought processes and psyche, and may be used to help with the diagnosis of psychopathology. Many of these assessments achieve their insight by asking a series of questions in a questionnaire forma t, while others use a technique to encourage the individual to provide information in their own way. One of these assessments is the Rorschach test, which is intended to use the answer to the assessmentRead MorePros and Cons of Personality Testing1634 Words   |  6 Pagestesting Introduction The test that measure a persons enduring traits and their characteristics, which are nonphysical and nonmental is referred to as a personality test. According to ADDIN EN.CITE Salkind2012272Salkind (2012)2722726Salkind, N.J.Tests Measurement for People Who (Think They) Hate Tests Measurement2012Thousand OaksSAGE Publications9781412913638http://books.google.co.ke/books?id=M-JQAmQuAsgC HYPERLINK l _ENREF_4 o Salkind, 2012 #272 Salkind (2012) the test will measure a personsRead MoreHuman Resource Management: Handle Selection Process1304 Words   |  5 Pagesor personnel they intend to bring on board at a given period. This will depend on the technique that the company decides to carry out. Some of this methods or screening devices includes employment interviews, application banks, personality test and aptitude test. Employment Interview The employment interviews is like an informative exchange vehicle between the interviewer and the applicant regarding the an applicants interest basing on the job suitability as per the employer job which is on offerRead MoreBuyer Behavior: Starbucks1178 Words   |  5 Pagesprogram that would inform Starbucks of their customers’ preferences: †¢ Market research technique 1. Interview Conversation directed to a definite purpose other than satisfaction in the conversation itself. (Market Intelligence) The main advantage is that they normally achieve a high response rate and that the likely level of error being introduced into the research result is low. 2. Focus group discussion A small group of people, considered to be representative of the target segmentRead MoreAre there any advantages to thigpen and cleckley‚Äà ´s study over freuds is way of working with patients?1049 Words   |  5 PagesAre there any advantages to thigpen and cleckley’s study over freuds is way of working with patients? Freud’s study, Analysis of a phobia in a five-year old boy, is the account of the treatment of little Hans; a five year old boy who had been suffering form anxiety that led to a number of phobias. Freud uses this case study as strong support for his psychoanalytic ideas concerning; the unconscious determinism, psychosexual development, the Oedipus complex, the cause of phobias and psychoanalyticRead MoreAdvantages And Disadvantages Of Relying On Selection1932 Words   |  8 Pages Advantages and Disadvantages of Relying on Testing as the Sole Method of Selection The advantages of relying on testing as the sole method of selection are that tests can: †¢ narrow the selection of applicants – this is helpful in times when there are more applicants that jobs available †¢ help managers decide which questions they should ask applicants when they come in to interview – this helps to focus the interview questions on what needs to be learned about the applicants †¢ cut down on the timeRead MoreMethods of Collecting Behavioural Data4359 Words   |  18 Pagesin this textbook is the Creative Personality Test in Chapter 5. Research about human behavior in the workplace relies heavily on the interview as a method of data collection. Even when a questionnaire is the primary method of data collection, interviews are usually used to obtain ideas for survey questions. Interviews are also helpful in uncovering explanations about phenomena and fur- nishing leads for further inquiry. Another advantage of interviews is that a skilled in- terviewer

The Ethics Of Confucian Business Ethics - 1172 Words

EDMP: An Analysis in Support of Confucian Business Ethics in Harmony of the Business Environment (160)Issue: The one question brought forth by Lagan (2006) is the conflict between harmony in the business environment and the competition of capitalistic markets in the ethical debate on the efficacy of Confucian business ethics. Lagan’s (2006) case study effectively defines the overarching harmony of universal mandates defined by Confucius, which argued against the pro-capitalist interpretations of Confucian values to adapt to modern business ethics. In my own views, I believe in this traditional form of the three rules of Confucian ethics: human morality, relationships, and harmony. The importance of morality and relationships are vital to preserving good business connections, but more so, it is important to understand how these business relationships create harmony in the community. In this case study, I intend to focus on resolving the conflict between self-centered capitalistic tendencies in the business community with Confucian business ethics as a source of harmony i n the workplace. Stakeholders: In Confucian business ethics the typical stakeholders are the businessperson, family members, he client, and the community that is served in these business agreements. These asocial groups define the capitalistic system of business exchange, which identifies the businessperson, the client, and the social organizations that bind all parties together as stakeholders in thisShow MoreRelatedThe Influence of Confucianism on Chinese Culture Essays1742 Words   |  7 PagesThe Influence of Confucian Culture on Chinese Culture Introduction Confucian culture, also known as Confucianism, was founded by Confucius during the Spring and Autumn Period, which was developed gradually after the Han Dynasty with benevolence as the core. Since the Han Dynasty, Confucianism was the official ideology and the basis of mainstream ideology in the vast majority of historical periods of China, and it also influenced many southeast Asian countries in history. After a variety of shocksRead MoreMoral Aspects Of Business Ethics989 Words   |  4 PagesMoral Aspects of Business Business Ethics: The buying, selling and trading of goods are practices that have existed from the dawn of creation and will most likely continue until extinction. These customs are comparable to many other necessary established applications and practices. Take for example the complexities of Republics, in theory this form of government is intended to empower the citizens of a nation rather than a single ruler. Its purpose is to promote equality and justice across the nationRead MoreEssay about Confucianism in Neoteric Business1971 Words   |  8 PagesNeoteric Business â€Å"He who will not economize will have to agonize.†- Confucius Confucianism in the world is seen as a universal set of principles according to which one must live and interact. Teachings of Confucius should not restricted to certain fields or areas of life instead should be used as a tool to achieve the ideal state of oneself. Business sector is one such important area where people interact and communicate on different levels and everyone in the world engages in business whetherRead More Business Ethics Essay1522 Words   |  7 Pages Business Ethics Ethics is a branch of philosophy that inquires into the nature of ultimate value and the standards by which human actions can be judged right or wrong (â€Å"ethics,† Collegiate). Ethics is not primarily concerned with the description of moral systems in societies. That task, which remains on the level of description, is one for anthropology or sociology. In contrast, ethics deals with the justification of moral principles. A Brief History of the Study of Ethics Ethics has been studiedRead MoreEthical Perspective on Social Responsibility1456 Words   |  6 Pagesevolving set of values that guide business executives and leaders in determining what is right, wrong, moral, immoral, prudent and imprudent with a bias towards operating a business for the greater good of not only the business but of society (Drucker, 1981). * Ethics have evolved over centuries and differ across countries and cultures. * â€Å"Casuistry† was the first attempt to think through ‘social responsibility† and to embed it in a set of special ethics for those in power. â€Å"Casuistry†Read MoreMass Shootings And Its Effect On Society1024 Words   |  5 PagesA person with basic moral principles can see it’s not acceptable for someone to shoot up a concert, or go into a church and spray multiple rounds. Yet we have people today who find it acceptable to go about their business this way. However, what about the people whose morals and ethics go totally against the thought of killing? On the night of October 1, 2017, a 64 year old man by the name of Stephen Paddock opened fire at a festival from a nearby hotel killing 58 citizens and injuring 546. WithRead MoreTaking a Look at Confusian Ethics669 Words   |  3 Pageshuman relationships, a business as a complex series of specific relationships that must be executed properly if a firm is to be successful. These relationships progress from ones between workers, to relationships between firms, to those between firms and customers. For relationships to be executed well they must be among moral and competent individuals with the knowledge and good character, names, if you will, to fulfill them correctly. For success, whether in personal or business life, is ultimatelyRead MoreConfucianism Rituals And Sacrifices Of Buddhism1733 Words   |  7 PagesConfucianism, which is one the largest religion in China. Rituals In the Confucianism religion, rituals are held to bring people together. The core unifying factor of rituals is worship. One of the oldest rituals in the Confucian is the worship of the ancestors. Confucians took ancestors worship as a source of their moral and spiritual fulfillment something that brought harmony in the society. The rise of Han dynasty in 202 BC, endorsed Confucianism as a leadership ideology, and it came withRead MoreEssay on Confucianism and Its Implications in Modern China3400 Words   |  14 Pagesoccurred. This is a topic that has brought about much dispute among scholars, that is, whether or not Confucianism has played any role in the progress of these countries, especially that of China. It is through the adaptation and re-institution of Confucian ideas and philosophies to that of the modern era that will develop China and create a better society, government, and economy allowing it to grow and prosper. This is not an attempt to reinstate Confucianism as it once was, but rather the ideaRead MoreEssay on Ethics Case Study877 Words   |  4 PagesEthics Case Study Ethical business behavior can be defined by business leadership. â€Å"Generally speaking, an action or choice can be considered ethically correct if it’s honest, fair, supports a beneficial outcome for both parties, and generally enables the overall corporate image and vision† (Definition of Ethics, 2002). In the following we will discuss how economic pressures on China, Jamaica, and America play a role in the ethical decision-making for financial, environmental, and cultural issues

Change Free Essays

â€Å"Change involves a choice to alter one’s view of others and their world† Change Is Inevitable, It can not Just simply be ceased however as Individuals, we are given the choice on what we make of it and how we allow it to alter our view of others and the world around us. The choice made on how the world is seen and how its occupants are as well can have a significant impact on someone’s life and shape the type of person that this individual becomes. As evident in the following texts, Enter Without So Much As Knocking by Bruce Dade, No More Boomerang by Codger Announced, Night by Ell Wishes and Took The Children Away by Archly Roach, the Irrevocable change gives Individuals a choice, It Is up to this Individual on what they make of it whether it maybe a beneficial or detrimental impact whilst keeping in mind the alterations that this choice will inflict on their view of others and their world. We will write a custom essay sample on Change or any similar topic only for you Order Now These texts will further enhance the understanding of choice and how it has the power to formulate the type of future that awaits. The poem ‘No More Boomerang’ by Codger Announced, depicts the type of life the Aboriginal people had and although the circumstances that they were placed into ere not Just or fair, they were also inescapable. However, with this being said, the Aboriginal people did have a distinct choice, they had a choice on what they made of themselves in the future and how they could endeavor to learn from these mistakes and grow as people. Much like ‘Night’, ‘No More Boomerang’ also reiterates a negative vibe and lifestyle within both the protagonist’s lives, ‘Now all excelled- Color bar and beer’ this quote from the poem clearly indicates the struggle that the Aboriginal people had during this time. The specification of color bar’ shows that they were aggregated from the rest of the community because they were not good enough to be around the White people’, a clear sign of dehumidification. With now being exposed to a more ‘civilized’ type of living, the Aboriginal people resorted to the foreign comfort of alcohol (been which resulted In the increase of Aboriginal alcoholism. Even though the Aboriginal people had a very slim chance of having a choice as to what happened to them during this devastating time, they still had a choice as to what happened to them afterwards. The protagonist could’ve made the choice to stop informing to the White Australians way of living and to go back to the type of living that he was accustomed to. Lay down the whomever, Lay down the waded. Now we got atom-bomb, End everybody, this quote clearly expresses the change that the Aboriginal people were heavily exposed to, from using their weapons for hunting and survival to having the power to destroy and corrupt within the palm of their hands. This further clarifies the fact that after being familiarized with the feeling of hatred and pain, the protagonist still clearly hol ds that bitter emotion towards the White Australians in his heart even though it was so long ago. This correlates with the protagonist of Night’ who also still experiences the same feeling, only in different context. It represents the fact that they’re still trying to heal from the pain and the sudden changes of their lives, It’s something that they are unable to forget and of people and the world in a negative way. In comparison to ‘Night’, although Lie had very conflicting views on life in general and how he saw people through out the book, as a result of his trauma, he has enabled himself to embrace the change. He, of course as stated previously, still feels bitter towards his past and the Germans, however he still believes that there is room for peace and that the world has the potential to ‘change’ and be more aware of the severe situations that are happening within it’s surroundings. This is explanatory in the quote, ‘l could not believe that human beings were being burned in our times; the world would never tolerate such crimes†¦ , it exhibits the fact that Lie was shocked that no one had come to help them during this devastating time, he presumed that everybody around the world would be aware of such atrocities cause these evil acts would have never been acceptable within that particular century. This quote was when the audience began to realize the sudden changes in the way Lie viewed the world at such a young age while experiencing these hardships. Despite this fact, Lie made the choice to think in this sort of way, regardless if it was portrayed negati vely. His faith in the world and even God saving him and his people vanished, his ‘soul had been invaded- and devoured- by a black flame’ which consequently lead to a resentment towards the said hopelessness of God and to the world, who saw but didn’t act. Lie chose to allow this resentment to sake control of himself and his actions that eventually shaped the type of pessimistic and self-absorbed person he came to be. The poem ‘Enter Without So Much As Knocking’ by Bruce Dade examines the consequences of living such a negative life which is proved in the quote, ‘†¦ Pretty soon he was old enough to be realistic like every other godless money-hungry back- stabbing miserable so-and-so†¦ ‘. This quote implies the negative impacts of living in a materialistic world, the protagonist complains a lot about this through out the poem but doesn’t do anything particularly significant to change the issue. He puts a lot of emphasis on how this world is cruel and greedy and how people are ‘money-hungry and ‘miserable’ but what is noted through out the poem is that he is part of that group of people that he despises. This states that he becomes too busy stating his cynical views on others and the world that he doesn’t begin to realize that he is turning into one of those people and is continuously minimizing the happiness in his life. A ‘healthy tan he never had’ furthermore implies that he never went out and that he stays cooped up within the confines of his home or workplace instead of experiencing the freedom that is easily portrayed as something that he desperately wants. The ‘automatic smile with nothing behind it’ represents that he only put up a smile for show and that he never really meant it and never really made the effort to either, which interrelates with him having made the choice to be this way. ‘Six feet down nobody interested’, it is clear that the protagonist had the opportunity and choice to do something great with his life and not look at it in such a pessimistic way but instead he let himself waste away within a ‘money-hungry world created by back-stabbing, ‘miserable’ people. S ‘Enter Without So Much as Knocking, ‘Night’ and ‘No More Boomerang. In contrast to ‘No More Boomerang, it has been established that Aboriginal children were taken away from their homes and identified as the Stolen generation which is what ‘Took The Children Away is solely about. The similar aspects of these poems is that they didn’t have a choice in the matter but they had the choice to establish a better living for themselves. The biggest obstacle that they faced was that they were confused about who they really were, ’cause we were acting white yet feeling back. Even though they were vulnerable to the destruction of their homes and way of living due to their young ages and thoroughly challenged the way they saw the world, they had to embrace this ‘change’ and life experience. They shouldn’t have let their purity be tainted and not have given this change the power to alter their view of others and their world in such a, once again, negative way. ‘AWESOME’ also explores the same aspects of negativity through a similar modernism environment. Both protagonists didn’t approve of the modernism, money-functioning world however both parties did conform to it. The Aboriginal children were forced into it but still had the choice of what to make of it and the protagonist of ‘AWESOME’ had the choice of making a difference but chose to continue on with his critical behavior. The quote, ‘Came and didn’t give a damn’ indicates the carelessness of the White Australians and how they treated the children as animals rather than humans, this shaped the children’s perspectives of people in general and the beginning of a globalizes world around them. In correlation with ‘Night’ and ‘Took the children away there are a few similarities and differences between the two texts. In ‘Night’, Lie Weasel’s view on the world and it’s people changed a lot. He constantly held bitterness in his heart and his religious views and beliefs that were once, the fundamental reason for his being, were challenged as he continued to survive his dangerous life, this is evident in the quote, ‘It’s over. God is no longer with us’. In his quest for survival, Lie lost a part of himself, his views on people ad the world was detrimental due to the drastic change that he encountered through out his childhood. A distinct similarity between these two texts is that both the Aboriginal people and the Jews were dehumidified, in Night’, ‘Faster you filthy dogs! ‘ and in ‘Took the children away, the simile, ‘†¦ Fenced us in like sheep’. They were both taken away from the familiarity of their beliefs and customs and thrown into something that they never expected which as a result of this, lost an important part of themselves. However, despite this fact, we are only exposed to Else’s negativity through the confines of his book, but really as he grew older he began to realize that he had a choice in how he viewed people and the world. Having a grudge on something that he couldn’t have prevented would have just been a waste of time and he wouldn’t have time to enjoy the brighter things in life. Regardless of the rocky start to his teenage years, he has grown up to understand that he needed to turn his life around and make it into something worth living. He didn’t resort to alcohol, drugs or violence but to a more peaceful type of living. He sees a brighter future for our world, one that had the potential to really help others in need and to imitate the love that God provides us, towards each other. Say that change does involve a choice to alter one’s view others and their world. However, it is up to the individual on what they make of it and how much power they give it to control the person they’re meant to be in the future. Negative changes can constitute to negative views but it can also constitute to positive ones and even if these changes are inevitable what isn’t, is how you learn from them and gain knowledge to apply to everyday circumstances. As individuals we all have a choice to make whether beneficial or detrimental but we must understand that regardless of this the change will, without a doubt, alter one’s view of others and their world. How to cite Change, Papers Change Free Essays â€Å"Nobody can go back and start a new beginning but anyone can start today and make a new ending†. Maria Robinson’s quote can be applied to the concept of change as anyone can alter the way they are in their lives and become something new. Change is a state of transformation which results in a fundamental shift in the way we perceive and interact with the world. We will write a custom essay sample on Change or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is the process of being made different, altered in appearance, turned into something or someone new. The concept of change is very important in our lives as it gives us new experiences whether it be positive or negative. Change can be explored in the poem â€Å"Remember me? † by Ray Mather, â€Å"My father began as a god† by Ian Mudie, â€Å"Originally† by Carol Ann Duffy and in the pros fiction â€Å"Sky high† by Hannah Roberts. The poem â€Å"Remember me? † by Ray Mather incorporates the theme of change throughout it and is further established by language techniques. The forms of change shown in the poem are physical and emotional change shown by the quote â€Å"I’m bigger and I’m stronger† and emotional change shown by â€Å"now I’m not so quick to cry†. These changes are evident through the shift in tone and the evolution of circumstances. Throughout the poem â€Å"Remember me† the poet uses the technique repetition of the word â€Å"I† which reinforces the flow of the poet’s narration which link stanza’s one, two and three together reflecting on the past that he had. Repetition is also used in the third stanza of the word â€Å"someone† which highlights that the boy was a nameless and helpless victim for another’s entertainment. This is supported by the negative metaphor of the poet being a punching bag for abuse. This repetition is then changes as the poem goes on through the repetition of the word â€Å"I’m† which shifts the poem to present tense emphasising internal narration as the poet considers the actions he is capable of. This shows the concept of change as the boy has transformed from being isolated and lonely as a negative experience to being a popular kid and being powerful as a positive transformation. There is a sudden shift in tone which shows that the poet’s outlook is altered. This is supported by the metaphor â€Å"Time hurried by† which emphasises that the boy is going through a time of change in his life which results in his perspective and point of view being altered. This metaphor provides the audience with an understanding that the boy has gone through a negative transformation to a positive transformation. This relates to the concept of change as the poet has gone through a sudden shift in his life to better himself for the future. The poem â€Å"My father began as a god† by Ian Mudie also shows the concept of change and changing perspectives. In the early stages, the poet idolised his father who was entertaining and authorative. This is supported by the simile â€Å"my father began as a god† which shows the audience that his father started off like a god but as time had passed by, perspectives had been altered which resulted in a negative perception of his father who was not perceived to be the same person as he used to be. This relates to the concept of change as the perspective of his father had gone from positive to negative. The poet uses and extended metaphor in the poem â€Å"he fearlessly lifted me to heaven, by the mere swing to his shoulder and made of me a godling† which communicates the positive perspective that the poet once had of his father which then changed to a negative one as time went by. This relate to the concept of change as there was a shift in the way that he viewed his father compared to when he was young. As the poet moved into adulthood, his view of his father changed even further. Repetition of the word â€Å"strange† shows the audience the poet’s point of view about his father and how his perspective had changed from when he was younger. His perspective started of as a positive one seeing his dad as a god until he grew older and a negative perspective had been developed as seeing his father as foolish and outdated. This relates to the concept of change as the poet’s view of his father has been altered as he has grown up. The poem â€Å"Originally† by Carol Ann Duffy implies a journey of changes. It creates an allure for the reader to ponder what the catalyst for change is in this poem. The use of personification â€Å"the miles rushed back to the city† is used to show an uncertain journey and reinforce her desire to return home. It shows a sense of displacement from where she had just left which emphasises loss and isolation for the poet. This relates to the concept of change as there is a shift from one place to another in the poem. The poet uses repetition in the poem quoting â€Å"home, home† which is used to emphasise that the poet is going through a time of change and wants to return to her original place being home. This relates to the concept of change as there is a shift in ones life from one place to another as shown in the poem. The pros fiction â€Å"Sky high† by Hannah Roberts uses the technique simile â€Å"shirts like coloured flags in secret code† to show her own personal childhood experiences and her perspectives as a child. This relates to the concept of change as there is an alteration in experiences from childhood to when you grow older which results in perspectives about the world being dramatically altered. The clothesline in the poem is the first thing that the poet remembers as a child which means it is her first childhood experience. She had her own perspective of the clothesline as a child until one day it had changed. This is supported by the use of imagery and alliteration â€Å"smooth, sweat damp hands† which is used to emphasise childhood actions. This creates change in the poet’s perspective as the clothesline had differed from one day to another which meant that her outlook had been altered. This relates to the concept of change as there is a constant shift in the way that we perceive things on a day to day basis. In conclusion, the poems â€Å"Remember me? †, â€Å"My father began as a god†, Originally† and the pros fiction â€Å"Sky high† all relate to the concept of change and changing perspectives. This is explored through the use of techniques in each of the texts give us an understanding of how change is explored b each of the people in these texts. How to cite Change, Papers Change Free Essays CHANGE Is America ready for a change? And now that a chance is given, will it be taken? John Edgar Wideman, writer of â€Å"Street Corner Dreamers† wonders himself. Will the youth step up and make a difference? and become more than a stereotype. Is it right for Americans to rest on their laurels? His thoughts on appearance and reality, can the color of the president insure change. We will write a custom essay sample on Change or any similar topic only for you Order Now Wideman wonders about the youth today. There are too many of them running around doing nothing with their lives. Seeping through the cracks and who is going to be there to help them out. Will Obama? Wideman wonders â€Å"How will President Barack Obama attempt to seal the cracks they slip through? Not cracks in the pavement of Grand and Essex, but the cracks of broken promises, the cracks that have divided and conquered the will of a nation to treat all citizens equally†(858). It seems the questions never end, but what else can they do but wonder. The world stands and waits for the next move, but instead of waiting why don’t they join in on making the first move. Just because the president is black and that is accomplish within itself. Taking the first step is always the hardest but it has to start somewhere. â€Å"I want to walk up to one of them and ask â€Å"Do you think your life might be different now that Barack Obama is president? What steps do you believe President Obama will take to improve your life? What steps do you think he should take? †(857). There are some kids that are out there willing to make a change and enforcing it as well but there isn’t enough, the more that will contribute the less work there will be for everyone and life could go back to the way it used to be, cheap. In school, kids only think about their looks and the lust of one another is no longer a learning system but a fashion show at the mall. From what’s on your hair to the latest sneakers, â€Å"young people of amalgamated†¦eyes hungry for each other† (858). Wideman said though â€Å"intimidated† he was in love with the way the kids thought, made him think about his own and one day theirs. About the future that he will no longer be in charge of but let the young adults care for him. He’s also worried that there are more than few of them walking around without a care in the world, not thinking about their future. â€Å"Is there such thing, really, as a future in young minds†? Kids today are committing suicide, and are in gangs and killing one another, or just not focusing enough in school, whatever it maybe. Kids are finding more ways to stay on the streets, but being on the streets doesn’t make you any less it just means you must work harder to achieve your goals. There should be more adults trying to guide these lost souls back, instead of turning their back and being even more ignorant adults acting up. It’s not only the kids fault but the nature, these kids don’t have a choice on where they grow up or how much money they’re parents make or the way of luxurious life styles they weren’t grace with jewels but if they work hard and really want it anything can be there’s. Look at all those rich and famous people not all of them where born into it, most of them had to work hard and grind and that what should be taught to work hard and you shall receive. Americans feel it is okay to rest on their laurels but resting on anything that is half way built is bound to break and tip over. Having a good foundation is key to success, help is needed in these kids life’s more people who give a damn and Obama is doing that. Giving the little ray of sunlight on those kids future. Letting them know that no matter how big their dream is they can receive it as long as they work hard at it. Obama is trying to build a better and stronger foundation for future for Americans but he can’t do it alone. Everyone has to take responsibility and try to become a better them. â€Å"Perhaps we would explore together the explosive, still almost unbelievable fact that our country finally seized the opportunity to turn away from one deeply rooted, intractable, self-destructive, dead-end understanding of itself as white and black, finally began to create a new vision of itself†(858). Just as Wideman said try to be the positive being you want to see in the world. Michael Jackson was a legend he not only sing beautifully but his is words he made a difference. His song Man in the Mirrors lyric is very powerful and true â€Å"If you wanna make the world a better place take a look at yourself, and then make a change† should be a world motto and if â€Å"Yolo† was used correctly you do only live once so use every opportunity given big or small, just take it â€Å"Yolo† right . Obama was just the tip of the iceberg of change and good this world really needs. Wideman story was honest and good, his points were valid and firm. The only question is America ready for a change? And now that a chance is given, will it be taken? How to cite Change, Essay examples

PLC In Industrial Automation free Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the PLC In Industrial Automation. Answer: Introduction: Automation has emerged as one of the favourite industrial factors and the reason behind it, is the operational ease, cost-efficiency and other significant benefits offered by the former. However, implementing and managing automation is not straightforward in an organisation. Hence, a system known as the PLC (Programmer Logic Controller) was designed to assist the organisations in achieving automation. The devised paper will offer an insight into the matter PLC in Industrial Automation. It will offer an idea of the problems that the organisations faced and how the subject (PLC) can be assistance for the organisations. Post-conclusion, the paper will provide appropriate references to the collected data to enhance the reliability of the stated data. Problems with non-automated organisations: The common problems that a non-automated organisation face have been shown in the figure above. It is evident from the picture that the discussed problems can have devastating results for the organisations. Hence, it is advisable to adopt automation to earn balanced sustainability and competitive advantage. Control systems can offer their assistance in achieving the discussed measures. Control System (PLC): Control system is a combination of multiple electrical (electronics) or mechanical devices that offers assistance in regulating organisational systems in response to the programmers code and feedback received from the organisational systems in operation. One of the most popular control systems is the PLC and has been significantly adopted by the organisations. It is an electronic control system unit that monitors and controls the production processes and the building systems. The discussed system is designed to perform only a single set of operations. However, it is notable that the tasks are carried out in real-time constraints and with high reliability and performance. The systems are designed to be robust and comes with the capability of withstanding the harsh industrial environment that includes high temperature, vibrations, electrical noise and humidity. The image above shows the rough module of the PLC along with its major components. It is evident from the diagram that PLC is an industrial computing system that monitors the inputs for the organisation devices and based on the findings the decisions in accordance with its programming. The decision is then transferred to the organisational devices to make then work according to the needs. Applying the PLC in the organisation makes the systems automated, and the human effort is only limited to the implementation of the technology and in dire situations. Advantages: The deemed system offers significant benefits in an organisation, the core benefits offered by the deemed system has been listed as follows: Fast and accurate decision making according to the organisational needs. The system also has the capability of identifying and diagnosing the faults in the organisational system and hence, offering the advantage of sorting out the fault in-time before it causes any significant damage. The programming of the system can be changed to change the role and working of the system, in other words, the discussed system offers flexibility. The discussed system offers reliability and also costs less in operational stage. The reason for the stated fact lays on the fact that the system lacks any moving part and hence, it saves power and have a long life. The modular assembling of the system also makes its maintenance easy and cost-efficient. Some organisational operations are too complicated for the humans to attain a 100% result from those operations. However, those operations can be easily handled with the assistance of the PLC and in the process ensuring organisational devices are kept operationalise. One of the significant concerns that the organisations face before implementing a new system in the organisation is cost and effort invested in installation. PLC also stands fit for this demand of the organisation because the coupling process with the organisational systems is simple hence minimising the effort and omits the cost involved with buying new organisational equipment. The use of analog signal and closed loop control programming enhances the security of the system from the cyberattacks or any remote attack on the organisation. Counters, timers and comparators can be programmed to do scheduling of the tasks and enable comparative decision making. The functionality and usability of the system are also straightforward because the deemed system contains advisory system and colourographic. PLC in Organisations: An article published by the wiseguysreports.com suggests that the PLC market is about to see a significant surge in the year domain of 2018-2025 and may get a boost of up to $156.8 billion. The figures are derived from the industry professionals who are associated with the PLC systems and are witnessing the advantage offered by the subject. Another forecasting on the subject cites the changes that PLC will offer in the different industries and the image below show the stats. Other studies also reveal that the subject is offering significant benefit to the industries and hence has emerged as one of the favourite control system choices which will further grow in the coming future. Limitations: The deemed system offers multiple benefits in the industry. However, there are some challenges that the organisation faces through the system. The first and most significant challenge is that the organisation need to hire skills to operate the PLC and in the process control the organisational operations. It has been stated in the advantage section that the discussed system can withstand high temperatures. However, it should be noted that at extremely high temperature the system remains intact, but the might malfunction and result in flaws in the organisational operations. Space is another issue for the organisation that PLC offers because the system takes input from multiple systems and hence the wires connected to the port are numerous. The wires connected to the output port can also challenge the organisational space and maintain them in an organised manner is also a challenge. Another notable challenge is very rare but notable, and that is the replacement of the system. Unlike the installation process, the replacement process of the system is challenging. Conclusion: The report can be summarised to state that the automation is the need of the industries to sustain themselves while earning a competitive advantage. In the discussed objective of the organisation, control systems can be of great assistance, and one of the systems which have been offering its service is PLC. PLC is an electronic control system that monitors the real-time organisational data and provides output to control the organisational process. The discussed system is fast, reliable and can withstand robust situations inside an industry to a high limit. It also offers certain challenges to the organisations which can be challenging but can be ignored when compared with the significant benefits offered by the system. Hence, in conclusion, it can be stated that the systems offer multiple organisational benefits while automating the industries and have a vast scope in future. Bibliography: Alphonsus, E. R., Abdullah, M. O. (2016). A review on the applications of programmable logic controllers (PLCs).Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,60, 1185-1205. Basile, F., Chiacchio, P., Gerbasio, D. (2013). On the implementation of industrial automation systems based on PLC.IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering,10(4), 990-1003. Basnight, Z., Butts, J., Lopez Jr, J., Dube, T. (2013). Firmware modification attacks on programmable logic controllers.International Journal of Critical Infrastructure Protection,6(2), 76-84. Besada-Portas, E., Lopez-Orozco, J. A., de la Torre, L., Jesus, M. (2013). Remote control laboratory using ejs applets and twincat programmable logic controllers.IEEE Transactions on Education,56(2), 156-164. Gaj, P., Jasperneite, J., Felser, M. (2013). Computer communication within industrial distributed environmentA survey.IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics,9(1), 182-189. Galloway, B., Hancke, G. P. (2013). Introduction to industrial control networks.IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials,15(2), 860-880. Global Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC) Market by Architecture, Product, Industry Vertical and Region 2014-2025: Segment Analysis, Trend Forecast and Business Strategy WiseGuyReports. (2016).Wiseguyreports.com. Retrieved 6 April 2018, from https://www.wiseguyreports.com/reports/3051104-global-programmable-logic-controllers-plc-market-by-architecture Kiran, A. R., Sundeep, B. V., Vardhan, C. S., Mathews, N. (2013). The principle of programmable logic controller and its role in automation.International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology,4(3), 500-502. Knapp, E. D., Langill, J. T. (2014).Industrial Network Security: Securing critical infrastructure networks for smart grid, SCADA, and other Industrial Control Systems. Syngress. Lashin, M. M. (2014). Different applications of programmable logic controller (PLC).International Journal of Computer Science, Engineering and Information Technology (IJCSEIT),4(1), 27-32. Patel, T., Sheth, S., Patel, P. (2015). Design of semi-automatic hydraulic blanking machine using PLC. InNational Conference on Innovative Emerging Technologies (NCIET-2015)(pp. 410-412). Schtz, D., Wannagat, A., Legat, C., Vogel-Heuser, B. (2013). Development of PLC-based software for increasing the dependability of production automation systems.IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics,9(4), 2397-2406. Sharma, K., Jayamon, J. (2017).Nano Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) Market by Component (Processor, Power Supply, and Input/Output), Service (Training, Maintenance, and Consulting), Type (Fixed Nano PLC and Modular Nano PLC), and Industry Vertical (Energy Power, Automotive, Oil Gas, Pharmaceutical, and Others) - Global Opportunity Analysis and Industry Forecast, 2017-2023.Allied Market Research. Retrieved 6 April 2018, from https://www.alliedmarketresearch.com/nano-programmable-logic-controller-PLC-marke

The Income Gap free essay sample

An examination of government policy in the United States that does not assist the increasing poverty levels. This paper considers the existence of the poverty gap in the U.S. and puts forward the hypothesis that it is a self perpetuating problem. Issues considered include education, health and government policy. Many statistics are listed and various theories mentioned as to why this is an ever-increasing phenomenon.

How to seamlessly transfer your skills from one industry to another

How to seamlessly transfer your skills from one industry to another For most of us, our career paths don’t go in a single straight line. Instead, there are plenty of twists and turns along the way- some expected and others surprising and unplanned- as we develop, grow, and change over time. Sometimes a change in jobs also means a change in industries, which, for many, can be a scary and anxiety-filled proposition- especially if the change isn’t exactly what you were hoping and is instead the result of a job loss or shifts in your current field. The truth is, the prospect of â€Å"starting over† in a new career field can be daunting, especially if you’re fairly established and far along in your current field and are worried that you’ll have to completely start over again- but it doesn’t have to be.The â€Å"not-so-secret† secret to successfully navigating an industry change during the course of your career is to take full advantage of your transferable skills- those finely-honed abilities that youâ€⠄¢ve acquired thus far in your professional experience that you can put to good use in the next industry you work for. Yes, it’s true- many of the skills you currently have are not just helpful at your current job and industry, but rather can help you be effective and successful in your future endeavors as well.Transferring and leveraging these transferable skills from one industry to the next is the key to being flexible and malleable in today’s rapidly evolving and volatile job market- and those who are able to competently do so stand the best chance of staying afloat. Consider using the following strategies to make sure that the skills you’ve built up during your career continue to serve you well as you move from one industry to another.Identify your skillsThis shouldn’t be a major challenge for you, as it’s something you’d inevitably have to do if you were updating your resume or simply looking to transition to a new job in your current industry. This should include skills both large and small- you never fully know what abilities will come in handy when you start a new job, especially if it’s in a completely new field or industry. These include both hard skills (things like knowledge of computers or specific programs or instrumentation, an ability to speak a foreign language, any professional certifications you’ve earned, and basically any other measurable and quantifiable talent that you’ve developed) as well as soft skills (more subjective and harder to measure abilities that you possess but that come in handy at work all the time, such as people skills, motivation, leadership, patience, flexibility, and problem-solving). Both your hard skills and soft skills can potentially come in handy in a new industry.Identify the needs of your target industryNext step is to pinpoint the industry that you’re hoping to move into and do your homework to identify its needs. Research carefully and get a good sense of the successes and pain points in the field and where things are likely to move. Look at the opinions of industry veterans and thought leaders- many of whom are likely leveraging social media to share their ideas. An even better potential strategy would be to identify specific companies in the industry that you’d like to work at and get a sense of their needs- which will help you paint a clear picture of how you can come aboard and be a potentially valuable asset.Make the connectionNow that you have a clear idea of the abilities you bring to the table and what the needs of your target industry are, you can begin to identify the skills you possess that are potentially transferable. Use the information you’ve been gathering in your research to hone and refine your skills to best suit your new industry. For hard skills like computer knowledge or mastery of specific equipment, see if the tools you’ve learned are commonly used; if not, see if learning popular industry software and equipment makes sense for you. Soft skills are more easily transferable and are more malleable and adaptable to new fields.Here’s the bottom line- make the most of the skills you currently possess to meet the needs of the industry you’re looking to move into, fill in the gaps where appropriate and realistic, and be confident that you’re doing all you can to make this transition as successful as possible.

Case study journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Case study journal - Essay Example This paper explores the three learning and teaching strategies as discussed by as discussed in the book. The book explains how effective learning among students is achieved. Collaboration is among the key elements that have been given much emphasis in this chapter. The author states that collaboration helps students to be receptive to challenging assignments, develop crucial skills in cooperation. It also builds a community of learners who are responsible for each other’s learning rather creating a competitive environment which alienates some students, particularly those who perform poorly in class (Willems & Gonzalez-DeHass, 2006). Students’ engagement is also substantially improved by allowing students to learn in pairs or groups. Learning in groups requires them to share ideas and interact in an effective manner. However, accomplishing collaborative learning is faced with challenges such as inequities that exist in the social system of a classroom. In his case, students who perform well dominate groups formed during collaborative learning while poor performers are unable to convince other group members. According to the author, the main elements of effective learning include collaboration, self-regulation and constructivist learning. Constructivism is categorized into two; physiological constructivism and social constructivism. Under physiological constructivism, people use information, help from other persons and from other resources to develop problem solving strategies and mental models, while Social constructivism makes people perceive learning as a participative activity Inquiry based learning and problem based learning are other effective approaches that improves the learning process. Inquiry based learning involves asking students guide questions that are related to the curriculum where by the chosen questions guide students towards a common understanding. It also engages students in the inquiry by allowing them to make

Media and body image Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Media and body image - Research Paper Example In that regard, people have become victims of the media sources like magazines because they police and construct ideas on standards from fashion to everything in life. From an evaluation of the pictures and articles in the vogue magazine, it is clear that the media polices and constructs certain body images for both men and women; these body images are deliberate because audiences need something to feed on, to keep on reading the magazines, and the magazines themselves deliver just that. It is apparent that media treats the male and female body images differently, in addition to treating body images of heavy people and thin people differently. Evidently, all these body images pass across some subtle yet firm messages that reflect gendered societal views about both men and women; in that case, media constructs truths about life, thus, it is the most powerful influence on how both men and women often view themselves. There are clear indications that the Vogue magazine applies different standards in its portrayal of the body images for both males and females from the manner in which it portrays them differently. On a wider scope, the body images of b oth men and women in this magazine depict the sexes in stereotypical ways that constrain the readers’ perceptions of the limitless human possibilities. For instance, the body image of males in the vogue magazine depicts them as lively, powerful, daring, sexually aggressive and most importantly, they are depicted as being deeply involved and playing extremely important roles in human relationships (Horowitz). This magazine imposes this body image as the universal standard for males and as a result, it is consistent with the cultural views of males in society; however, the actual reality in the wider population is different. Truth of the matter is there are all sorts of imperfections in the body image of males in the

How does communication affect operations in chain hotels Research Paper

How does communication affect operations in chain hotels - Research Paper Example Examining the organizational structure, management plan, service context and the characteristics of chain hotels makes a difference in how many respond to the hotel management. Each of these combines with the need of having the correct level of communication. Examining how communication fits into each of these regions will be the main objective of this research study. The association with hotel management for chains is one which has developed into a variety of models and expectations within the industry. The industry of hospitality and the organizational development that is a part of each structure is one which is developed with the ideology of service first. Having hospitality management, customer service and alternatives to assist guests with personalized needs with booking hotels and staying in a specific room are the main associations that are a part of this. This is followed by enhancement of the organization that is a part of the management and the way in which the industry functions. The need to offer the right services has led to management groups, operation rooms and divisions in different forms of hospitality, including housekeeping and food and beverage alternatives. This is combined with the management required for the overall hotel divisions, including marketing, finances and human resources that are required for a hotel to work effe ctively (Rutherford, O’Fallon, 2006). The importance of the organizational structure to manage the services of a hotel has expanded with the current initiatives that are within hotels. The chain hotels require specific services not only based on the management and divisions. There are also models which are based on hotels keeping uniformity and offering a high standard of service to continue with operations. The specific component is with the environmental awareness that is within the hotels and how this links to the customer interpretations and the

Computational Chemistry for Drug Discovery

Computational Chemistry for Drug Discovery Computer Chemistry Computational chemistry is a branch of chemistry that uses computers to assist in solving chemical problems. It uses the results of theoretical chemistry, incorporated into efficient programs, to calculate the structures of molecules and solids. In theoritcal chemistry, chemists, physicist and mathematics develop algorithms and computer programs to predict atomic and molecular properties and reaction paths for chemical reactions. Computational chemists, in contrast, may simply apply existing computer programs and methodologies to specify chemical question. There are two different aspects to computational chemistry. Computational studies can be carried out in order to find a starting point for a laboratory synthesis, or to assist in understanding experimental data, such as the position and source of spectroscopic peaks. Computational studies can be used to predict the possibility of so far entirely unknown molecules or to explore reaction mechanisms that are not readily studied by experimental means. Computer-aided drug discovery/design methods have played a major role in the development of therapeutically important small molecules for over 2-3 decades [133]. Over the past couple of decades, many powerful standalone tools for computer-aided drug discovery have been developed [134]. In silico metabolism After adopting combinatorial chemistry and high throughput biological screening in the past couple of decades, the pharmaceutical industry generated a large collection of potent and selective compounds for numerous targets. However, to become an optimal drug, in addition to potency and selectivity, a compound must have appropriate ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism and excreation), safety and developability characteristics. Relaying solely on potency in the early stage of drug discovery can result in disproportionate attrition after clinical candidate selection contributing to the exorbitant costs of discovering and developing drugs. Only about one in ten of those diligently chosen, highly potent and selective candidates that enter development reach the market often due to inadequate ADME properties. Therefore, it is extremely important to consider the ADME characteristics of compounds earlier in the discovery process to wager bets on compounds that have a greater potential t o survive the development and clinical trail stage of drug development. Increasing the odds of success to one in five (instead of ten) would reduce the total cost of bringing a new therapeutic to the market by 33%. Experimental determination of ADME and pharmacokinetic (PK) characteristics is both expensive and time consuming, and is not practical for large numbers of compounds, especially when the pharmaceutical industry is under severe pressure to cut costs and improve efficiency. The Price tag to support various ongoing discovery projects in pharmaceutical company for synthesis and high throughput measurement of permeability, solubility, metabolic stability and acute toxicity can run into millions of dollars. Therefore, much attention is being focused on the application of in silico screens to reliability predict ADME attributes solely from molecular structure. In silico prediction of ADME properties will not only reduce cost and development cycle times by wisely directing resources to essential experimental testing, but also bring forward their consideration earlier at the lead generation stage when compounds are being synthesized and tested almost exclusively to meet pharmacological target potency levels. At the cost of experimental results indicated above, a mere 10-20 % reduction in high throughput experimental measurement of permeability, solubility, metabolic stability, acute toxicity through the use of in silico screens can lead to significant savings. Further, application of in silico screens offers an ideal ‘fail-early-fail-cheaply’ strategy for drug discovery because their application requires nothing more than inputting the basic structural information of a compoun d into a validation model. Metabolic Stability Measurement in Drug Discovery At most major pharmaceutical companies, metabolic stability assays are conducted at the first investigation into the metabolism of a compound. These in vitro assays generally utilize liver microsomes and/or hepatocytes to furnish important information about the rate and/or metabolism. In vitro metabolic studies are important in optimizing pharmacokinetic properties such as in vivo half life, maximum concentration and systemic exposure, because rapid metabolism is often a key factor contributing to poor exposure. The metabolic stability data is helpful for ranking molecules with respect to their ability to resist metabolism. Though high-throughput automated metabolic stability assay systems have been developed by the major pharmaceutical companies, screening a large number of compounds is still intensive. Thus, in silico prediction of metabolic stability can be used to rationalize experimental testing and have significant resources. Further, these models allow for prediction of metabolic stability for virtual libraries, thus bringing forwarded their consideration earlier to hit-to-lead stage. In silico Models for Metabolism Studies There are several types of in silico tools available for investigations into metabolism. These include knowledge based systems (metabolism databases) rules based or expert systems and quantity structure properties relationship (QSPR) and enzyme structure modeling systems. At its simplest, the partition coefficients, Log P (or its computed equivalent), of a drug in the n-octanol-water system has been shown to loosely correlate with the metabolic stability of a compound. As in silico calculations of Log P values have become readily available, they are being implemented in many of the current metabolism prediction packages. The earliest in silico metabolism tools were the metabolic reaction databases. In principle, these are databases with the published metabolic reactions and structure of parent compounds and their metabolites. Some of these allow creation of corporate metabolic databases as well. In most cases, these databases can be searched for specific biotransformation (by structure and substructure), biotransformation keywords, and by other user-defined fileds. The key advantage of this knowledge based in silico systems is that they include detailed metabolism findings and original references. Prediction of Metabolites The above mentioned knowledge based systems provided the groundwork for the development of rules based in silico predictors of metabolites, also called expert systems. Commercial rules based programs such as METEOR, META and MetabolExpert iteratively interrogate the chemical bonds of a molecule and apply programmed biotransformation rules in a predetermined hierarchy. As one can imagine, without means of terminating the metabolism tree a very large numbers of metabolites will be generated of predicted. Several of these programs allow the user to specify the number of levels of biotransformation or may use a LogP calculation to terminate the biotransformation process. Prediction of Sites of Metabolism The mechanism of oxidation by CYPs is though to be constant across all CUPS. One of the most important steps in the oxidation of drugs (by CYPs) is the ability of the perferyl oxy species (FeO+) to carry out a one-electron oxidation through the abstraction of hydrogen atoms. In silico packages such as Admensa, COMPACT and Metasite calculate the likehood of abstracting a hydrogen atom from all sites on a molecule, and then quantify which sites are most likely to be oxidized. The greatest advantage of these types of predictions is the ability to quantify the most likely major â€Å"hot spots† on the molecule. Prediction of Substrate Binding The ability of a molecule to properly dock on the active site of enzyme plays a major role in accurately determining the site(s) of metabolism on a molecule. Therefore, modeling of the P450 active sites has long been a goal for metabolism prediction. Some of the first attempts to model the active site of metabolizing enzymes used pharmacophore, site directed mutagenesis, and protein homology. Using homology models built from bacterial and mammalian P450s, in silico studies of docking potential substrates into the active site have been performed with mixed success. Now that the crystal structure for human CYP3A4, CYP2C9, CYP2C8 and CYP2A6 are available docking experiment with these models should more reliably predict the sites of metabolism on a molecule that the predictions form the homology models. Prediction of Metabolic Inhibition One of the causes of drug-drug interactions is the inhibition of metabolic pathways. Enzyme inhibition by a drug leads to a decrease in metabolism and intrinsic clearances, and an alteration in pharmacokinetics of a co-administered drug. Any knowledge around the potential of drug-drug interactions is useful for a quantitative assessment of the ability a new molecular entity to inhibit the metabolism of another drug. In silico methods to predict drug-drug interactions are mostly limited to competitive inhibitors because they rely primarily on the binding models in the used as templates with alignment and orientation of core structure in an active site. However, the quality of prediction depends on the structural similarity to the molecules that were used to build the model. Inhibitors of CYP2D6 and CYP2C9 have been predicted using the CoMFA method. For inhibitors of CYP3A4, CYP2C9 and CYP2D6, methods such as CATALYST and GRIND have been used to reduce the bias in the alignment of inhibitors. Prediction of Enzyme Induction The induction of drug metabolizing enzymes is an additional way in which co-administered drugs can affect the clearance and pharmacokinetics of a given drug. Induction or increased expression of the drug metabolizing enzymes leads to an increase in the rate of metabolism and ultimately, to increase intrinsic clearance. Therefore, enzyme induction leads to decreased drug exposure which may results in therapeutic failure. Most often, the induction of enzymes occurs through the activation of nuclear receptors such as the Arylhydrocarbon receptor (Ahr), the Pregnane X receptor (PXR) and the constitutive Androstane Receptor (ACR). The activation of nuclear receptors PXR and CAR are responsible for the induction of several drug metabolizing enzymes including CYP3A, UGT1A1, SULT1A and CYP2C9. On the other hand, induction of CYP1A, SULT1A1 and UGT1A1 has been associated with activation of AhR. Prediction of Metabolic Stability As mentioned above, metabolic stability influences both oral bioavailability and half life of a drug. There is good correlation between in vitro metabolic stability and in vivo clearance. Therefore, the assessment of metabolic stability of compounds is being demanded and earlier in discovery projects. To meet these needs, in silico models are commonly employed. As described above, many different in silico tools focused on studying different aspects of metabolism have been developed. In our experience, the choice of the in silico tool by a user should primarily be guided by the type of information and level of accuracy that is desired. It is imperative that the developers of these in silico tools continually refine and validate them to reliably predict and quantify the metabolic fate of drug in humans. On the other hand, the chemists, biologists and ADME scientist on project teams to evaluate and use the existing in silico tools and to challenge their developers to demand tools that will rationally and efficiently move the discovery projects forward. Metabol Expert Metabol Expert is an ideal program for a quick prediction of the metabolic fate of compound in the drug discovery process during the dispositional research phase. Metabol Expert is a unique tool for initial estimation of the structural formula of metabolites. Metabol Expert is a rule based system with open architecture, in other words, the chemists, metabolism researchers, drug disposition experts and environmental managers can understand, expand, modify or optimize the data on which the metabolic structural estimation relies. Commercialized by Compudrug in 1987, Metabol Expert is composed of a database, a knowledge base and several prediction tools. The basic biotransformation database contains 179 biotransformations, 112 of which are derived from Testa and Jenner, the others are based on frequently occurring metabolic pathways. The transformation knowledge-base is composed of if-then type rules. Each is composed of our components, the structure changed during the transformation, the new substructure formed, a list of substructure at least one of which must be present in the molecule for the biotransformation form occurring. These rules have been derived from the literature by experts and are input into the system by means of graphical tools. The system is open so that new rules can be added or existing ones modified or deleted. There are two types of predictions in Metabol Expert. In the first type, the system tries to match basic transformations automatically. There is a filter so that biotransformation sequences can be arrested after generation of a specified number of metabolites. Basic transformations are classified as phase I or phase II. In the event of a phase II metabolite being generated, the sequences are arrested and the metabolite is not included in the next level. If a transformation results in the generation of two metabolites, then both are passed into the next level. The second type of analysis is an extended prediction model in which metabolites generated from basic transformations is compared to a list of transformations in a learned tree for a given species and the analogues are then listed in order of similarity. The program then attempts to quantify predictions based in the information in the learned tree. MexAlert MexAlert was developed to be an ideal assistant for high-throughput screening. It is advantageous to consider metabolism still before synthesis of the compounds, in order to exclude unwanted metabolic pathways, leading, for example, to first pass effect or to formation of toxic intermediates. MexAlert predicts first pass metabolic pathways by quickly identifying sites on the molecule where Phase II metabolic transformations (in other words, conjugation) may occur. It is rule based system; the rules are selected from among the Phase II transformations in the animal knowledge base, and modified according to in vivo experimental example of first-pass effect pathways. In silico toxicity prediction Attrition during the drug development process is a serious economic problem for the pharmaceutical industry and it is often due to inappropriate ADME/Tox characteristics. IT has been estimated that 20-40% of the drug failure in investigational drug development phases are due to safety issues, not continuing multiple incidents of adverse effects of existing drugs. The early drug discovery process needs to address in parallel not only potency but also pharmacokinetics and toxicological properties. Van de Waterbeemd and his colleagues at Pfizer have called this approach ‘property-based design’, emphasizing the importance of the critical combinations of physical and structural properties that contribute to ‘druglikeness’. Ideally this process should begin early in discovery, using computational models to screen both virtual libraries and available compound collections to identify compounds with the desired properties (good potency, ADME and low toxicity). Often molecular size and lipophilicity have an important effect on all three properties. High biological activity is frequently associated with high LogP, but this may also raise the probability of high toxicity. In the 1990s, drug companies invested heavily in combinatorial chemistry and high-throughput screening (HTS) as a source of leads for new targets. Most screen actives turned out to be large and/or hydrophobic, clearly contraindicating to the principles of minimal hydrophobicity. The most visible outcome was not even that they were toxic (because most compounds did not advance that far in development), but that they were either insoluble or non-absorbable. This overshadowed any toxicological consideration in the early stages of drug discovery, bringing forward compounds solubility and permeability as the most urgent problems to address. In the late 1990s the concepts of drug-likeness and lead likeness emerged and simple rules were formulated e.g. â€Å"rule of 5† to warn chemists when compounds were well outside the property space normal for orally active drugs. These rules are now widely used in Virtual Screening to remove undesirable compounds from consideration prior to their synthesis or acquisition. In addition to simple property filters toxicological issues should also be considered because otherwise any specific hazardous sub structural effects are ignored. Some of the harshest reactivity effects are identified and removed using predefined alert substructures (e.g., acid halides) (sometimes called â€Å"garbage filters†). The problem is the most of such alert substructures are â€Å"chameleonic† in nature, i.e., they may not necessarily cause toxic effects depending on other functional groups and overall molecular structures (e.g., acid halides). To fix this, all chameleonic† substructures (from â€Å"garbage† filters and beyond) must be supplemented with class specific QSAR’s for different health effects, yielding toxicological expert systems. Such systems can be used in virtual screening along with â€Å"drug –likeness† filters to subdivide compounds into â€Å"safe†, â€Å"hazardous† and â€Å"Questionable†. Promising compounds need further toxicological evaluation, but this cannot be done by predicative methods alone due to multiple knowledge gaps in their training sets and limited numbers of considered toxicological end points. Sometimes further evaluation is done during lead optimization, when chemical structures are covalently modified and tested. At this stage various toxicological predictions are used to prioritize both compounds that are to be tested and in vitro methods can reliably predict drug’s effect on a whole animal system, yet Animal Tests are not usually done until drug development candidates are identified. By this time drug development cost can reach substantial levels, economic risks become considerable. Thus any predictive tools that help to identify adverse effects in animals prior to conducting such testes are highly desirable. If a known toxic pharmacophore is identified and closely related to the pharmacophore required for activity at the therapeutic target then series specific SAR is needed to aid design of molecules with an adequate separation between the therapeutic dose and the dose threshold for the toxic effect. Since it is essential to have an in vitro surrogate that can model the desired in vivo effect on a significant number of compounds. Some of the more important end points for which in vitro surrogates that can model the desired in vivo effect on a significant numbers of compounds. Some of the more important end points for which in vitro surrogates have been used are: QT prolongation in heart due to blockade of the hERG potassium channel, hepatotoxicity due to compounds that produce phospholipidosis and hepatotoxicity due to induction of CYP450 enzymes. To summarize, in drug design toxicity predictions can be useful for three purpose – virtual screeing, prioritization of compounds and in vitro tests, and prediction of health effects in whole animal systems. Although many toxicologists are understandably leave us with no choice but to make the attempt using available animal toxicity database.

Age-Related Vision Loss and Driver Safety Issues :: Optometry Vision Sight Driving Essays

Age-Related Vision Loss and Driver Safety Issues With dramatic increases in the number of motor vehicles on public roadways in this century, driving safety is an issue that affects every one of us. Most Americans rely on the use of personal motor vehicles as their primary means of transportation, and must put themselves at risk every day. The risk of a motor vehicle accident increases when our perceptive skills are degraded in any way. Such is the case with alcoholic intoxication, impairment from the use of narcotics, and loss of perceptual accuracy due to any biological reason. One of the many issues in current debate with regards to motor vehicle safety is that of the growing numbers of elderly drivers on public roadways and the perceptual problems they may encounter with age. Age-related vision loss is becoming a more prevalent issue in roadway safety. Most states require a simple form of vision testing in order to become a licensed driver. These tests are rapidly being seen as inadequate, and in need of revision. Some state s do not at all require a vision test to become licensed to drive. Currently, the states not requiring vision tests for license renewal include: Alabama, Connecticut, Kentucky, Mississippi, New Jersey, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Vermont, and West Virginia. These states could cut the accident rate in people over age 60 by 12 percent, if they would simply utilize testing procedures (N.S., 1999). In this paper, issues facing the aging driver, and possible solutions to ensure safe roadways for the public as a whole, will be explored. The average driverà ­s age is steadily increasing. Census estimates show that by the year 2020, approximately 50 million people over the age of 65 will be eligible to drive on public roadways (Cobb & Coughlin, 1998). With a significant increase in the number of people likely to be affected by age-related vision loss, society may need to re-evaluate vision standards for license testing. It is standard practice for a motor vehicle bureau to test only visual acuity. This practice does not take into consideration perceptually impairing factors encountered in driving such as glare or fog (Voelker, 1999). The lack of adequate visual testing is commonplace in all states that test vision ability. It has been found however, states that at least test for visual acuity during license renewal have approximately 12 percent less automobile accident deaths among older drivers (Voelker, 1999).

Health Promotion and Nursing practice Essay

Heath promotion as defined by the World Health Organization (WHO, 2013) is â€Å"the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve health. It moves beyond a focus on individual behavior towards a wide range of social and environmental interventions. † It is the intention of this writer to present health promotion in nursing practice and relate this to methods implemented that encompass nursing. For the purpose of this paper the writer will use stroke to exemplify the issues. Influential forces effecting health can be political, social, physical, and economic. Internal factors affecting health can be emotional, intellectual, spiritual and psychosocial. Ones own lifestyle guides the way for health promotion or health destruction. The American Nurses Association (ANA) guides the scope of practice by advocating safe quality care. Included is the necessity to provide interventions that include health promotion and prevention of sickness and disability. The patient today is more complex and the focus includes family and community. Three levels of nursing prevention primary, secondary, and tertiary should involve consumers (ANA, 2007). The purpose of health promotion in nursing practice it to educate, influence and assist the patient to maintain an existing quality of life by preventing illness, slowing the progression of an illness or managing an illness. Public health promotion is an organized response to populations to prevent injury, disability, and address social conditions and problems . To have a well functioning society it is important to maintain a healthy community. Nursing Interventions assist the patient to make educated choices regarding lifestyle changes. According to Edelman and Mandle (2010) these various levels of health promotion introduced by Leavall and Clark are primary, secondary, and tertiary. They are on a continuum but may overlap. Prevention at the primary level is to protect and promote health of the community or person from injury or disease (Edelman & Mandle, 2010). Community support is important at this level for the individual to incorporate and maintain healthy habits. Nursing plays an important role in education at this level in hopes of producing healthy behaviors. According to Martinez and Kravitz (2010), education for cardiovascular health would include, healthy weight, smoking cessation, maintaining blood pressure, and a healthy diet. These health facts could educate the patient and guide in the prevention of stroke or myocardial infarction. Warning signs of stoke listed in this article are numbness/weakness, confusion/odd speech, visual problems, dizziness/ loss of coordination, and headache without a cause. Education implemented in the community regarding chronic disease is proactive. According to Alspac (2013) we still have a lapse in the use of calling 911when stroke symptoms are recognized. They imply professionals need to provide better education on placing warning signs of a stroke as a â€Å"medical emergency by calling 911. † Nursing can provide these implementations in a variety of settings. As we move forward to the secondary level of health promotion prevention as stated previously it can overlap with another level. This writer has experience in her work setting with a stroke alert team. Borrowed from the National Stoke Association is the acronym FAST (F=face, A= arm, S=speech, and T=time). At the secondary and primary level this could be recognized as a useful tool primarily for education and secondarily for assessment. The secondary level is where interventions treat an early stage of a disease or provide screening. Screening gives one the ability to reduce disease progression by early detection. Nurses can influence by educating during screening (Edelman & Mandle, 2010). According to Bergman (2011) stroke is a major cause of long-term disability. By treating early one would hope not to progress to the tertiary level. Bergman (2011) states, †Modern stroke care poses unique challenges to the nurse practitioner (NP) in diagnosis, care, risk prevention, patient education and, follow-up. † (p. 659). The writer notes this must pertain to the type of stoke occurring. One needs to do a thorough evidence-based evaluation for appropriate interventions. Recommendations at the secondary level are for life style changes and treatment of any other existing diseases (Bergman, 2011). Screenings at the secondary level would include blood pressure checks, cholesterol level checks, assess physical activity level. Interventions may be to treat elevated blood pressure, lower cholesterol, treat diabetes appropriately, and start anticoagulants if warranted. A patient encountering a stroke can have mild to profound disabilities. The tertiary level of health promotion is of great importance to a stroke patient and their family. Tertiary prevention is a process of minimizing effects of disability by preventing further decline. Tertiary promotions focus is rehabilitative measures and management of the disability by helping the patient achieve and maintain an ideal functioning level (Edelman & Mandle, 2010). Education is a continuum from the secondary level to the tertiary level with patient and family. According to Cameron (2013) the family educational needs may differ from the patients needs including changes at home after discharge, altered roles, and stressors with available resources. At the tertiary level of stoke rehabilitation there is a great emphasis on multidisciplinary collaborative education (Cameron, 2013). This writer practiced rehabilitative nursing and the facility had a transition room. This room mimicked a home setting with bedroom and kitchen. The patient’s family would provide all care prior to discharge in preparation for home care. It tremendously helped in planning further educational needs and discharge readiness. Jarmer and Fielding (2010) interventions include improving mobility and independence and assisting to cope with change. Treatment plans must be individualized to the type of disability. The biggest issue after discharge is safety. Nurses make up the majority of health care providers patients interact with. Nurses are a major resource for education and health promotion. The future of nursing is changing from an acute care based practice to a community based health promotion practice. The role of the nurse in this new practice will be multifaceted. Public health nursing will be an expanding role. The shift in role to public health nurse will require analytic assessment skills, cultural competence, program planning skills and, community dimension skills (Kulbok, Thatcher, Park, & Meszaros, 2013). Cultural competencies assist the nurse to understand health promotion from the community’s viewpoint. This can includes values, beliefs, traditions and, attitudes. Program planning is used to optimize health through evidence-based programs made possible with analytic assessment skills (Kulbok et. al. , 2013). Community dimensions skills refer to collaborative efforts among community leaders and stakeholders. The United States is a melting pot of cultural diversity nurses need to be prepared at all levels. There are many aspects of emerging roles of future nursing most notable is the ability to lead. References Alspach, J. (2013). Improving recognition and response to onset of stroke. Critical Care Nurse, 33, 9-13. doi:10. 4037 /ccn2013909 American Nurses Association (ANA). (2007). Health of the public. Retrieved from http://web. archive. org/web/20071027171411/http://www. nursingworld. org/ MainMenuCategories/HealthcarePolicyIssues/HoP. aspx Bergman, D. (2011). Preventing recurrent cerebrovascular events in patients with stroke or transient ischemic attack: The current data. Journal Of The American Academy Of Nurse Practitioners, 23, 659-666. doi:10. 1111/j. 1745-7599. 2011. 00650. x Cameron, V. (2013). Best practices for stroke patient and family education in acute care Setting: A literature review. MEDSURG Nursing, 22(1), 51-55. Edelman, C. , Mandle, C. (2010). Health promotion throughout the life span. Retrieved From http://pageburstls. elsevier. com/books/9780323056625/id//B97803230566 25000103_p1005 Jarmer, L. , & Fielding, R (2010). After the stroke. Rehab Management : The Interdisciplinary Journal Of Rehabilitation, 23(5), 18-21. Kulbok, P. A. , Thatcher, E. , Park, E. , Meszaros, P. S. (2012). Evolving public health nursing Roles: Focus on community participatory health promotion and prevention. The Online Journal Of Issues In Nursing, 17, doi: 10. 3912/OJIN. vol17No02Mn01 Martinez, A. , & kravitz, L. (2010). Cardiovascular health goals. IDEA Fitness Journal. 7(5), 14-17. World Health Organization (WHO). (2013). Health Promotion. Retrieved from http://www. Who. int/topics/health_promotion/en/

ACC Additional Theory Questions Essay

ACC Additional Theory Questions Essay ACC Additional Theory Questions Essay Chapter 2 1. The primary objective of financial reporting is to communicate information to permit users of the information to make informed decisions. 2. Qualitative characteristics make accounting information useful. Understandability: the quality of accounting information that makes it comprehensible to those willing to spend the necessary time. Relevance: the capacity of information to make a different decision. Reliability: the quality that makes accounting information dependable in representing the events that it purports to represent. Comparability: for accounting information, the quality that allows a user to analyze two or more companies and look for similarities and differences. Consistency: for accounting information, the quality that allows a user to analyze two or more accounting periods for a single company. Materiality: the magnitude of an accounting information omission or misstatement that will affect the judgment of someone relying on the information. Benefit versus cost constraint. 3. Depreciation: the process of allocating the cost of a long-term tangible asset over its useful life. Also termed amortization. 4. Materiality: the magnitude of an accounting information omission or misstatement that will affect the judgment of someone relying on the information. 5. Benefit versus cost constraint: the benefits of accounting information should exceed the costs of providing the information. 6. Classified balance sheet is helpful in evaluating the liquidity of a business. 7. Current assets: cash or sold or consumed during the operating cycle or within one year if the cycle is shorter than one year. eg, cash, accounts receivable, inventory prepaid expense. Non-current assets: any assets that do not meet the definition of a current asset. Current liabilities: an obligation that will be satisfied within the operating cycle or within one year if the cycle is shorter than one year. Long-term liabilities: any obligation that will not be paid or otherwise satisfied within the next year or the operating cycle. Shareholders equity: represents the owners’ claims on the assets of the business. 8. It is useful in any analysis of a company’s financial position by separating both assets and liabilities into those that are current and those that are non-current. 9. Income statement is used to summarize the results of operation of an entity for a period of time. Single-step income statement: an income statement in which all expenses are added together and subtracted from all revenues. 10. The statement of retained earnings provides a link between the income statement and balance sheet. Beginning retained earnings, net income, dividends declared and paid and retained earnings are included. 11. The statement of cash flows classifies cash inflows and outflows as originating from three activities: operating, investing and financing. 12. Income statement should be completed first. Income statement-Balance sheet-statement of retained earnings-cash flows statement. Working capital: current assets – current liabilities Current ratio: current assets/current liabilities Profit margin: net income/sales or revenue Chapter 3 1. Event: a happening of consequence to an entity. Transaction: any event that is recognized in a set of financial statements. 2. External event: involves interaction between the entity and its environment. eg, the payment of wages to an employee, hiring of a new employee. Internal event: occurs entirely with in the entity. eg, the use of a piece of equipment. When an event is recognized in a set of financial statement then it is a transaction. 3. Source document provides the evidence needed in an accounting system to record a transaction. Chapter 4 1. When economic events affect on the financial statement. 2. Recognition: the process of including an item in the financial statement of an entity. 3. Historical cost: the amount paid for an asset and used as a basis for recognizing it on the balance sheet and

Irish Immigration Paper 2014

Irish Immigration Paper 2014 Irish Immigration Paper 2014 Irish Immigration Christian Jones American Immigration and Emigration CRN 2872 November 19, 2014 Many immigrants from all over the world decided that they want to come to America to try and start their life over and hopefully prosper in this foreign land. Many other immigrants however didn’t have an advantage that the Irish had. They seemed to already have a start ahead of the Germans, Italians, and Asians. It seemed that it was much easier for the Irish to assimilate into American culture manly because they looked like most Americans which was white and spoke English just with an accent. May of the other immigrants either didn’t look white or had to learn how to speak English. Also with Ireland being so close to Britain they shared similar culture practices and since America was a British colony at one point some of British culture is engrained into the American way of life. Irish have been coming to America for a very long time to try and escape the massive poverty that engulfed much of the land and the people. We can see that much of the poverty that was over in Ireland followed many people because many Irish didn’t have a trade or any skills, they just worked on farms. For many of the Irish country folk, everything that was so pleasant back home they tried to remember but this would be soon gone as many of their kids began to Americanize by trying to fulfill the American dream that many of their parents stop chasing after. So the struggle they had in Ireland was now their struggle on foreign soil and they wanted to chase the American dream, some were successful while many weren’t but you can see in history how the Irish helped build America, through labor, power and fear. This dream made and broke a lot of Irishman and due to this many lived very different lifestyles, but one thing that they all had in common was that they brought the heritage of the Irish to America and engrain it, in some of the culture and building that we see today in many cities such as Boston, buffalo and Chicago. It was a struggle for many to come he re but once they did many of these cities because diverse in culture the Irish became diverse in the society of America. Between 1845 and 1852 the Great Famine struck Ireland all over and caused devastation across the land. In the worst year of 1847 many of the Irish peasants were being evicted from their homes and couldn’t find a place to live. One woman named Bridget Nolan wrote to her son â€Å"This is the poorest winter that ever I had since I began the world, without house nor home nor a bit of food to eat. The potato crops have failed again, and all Ireland is dying, your sisters are fainting with starvation, and we are without friend or fellow to give us a sibling. For god’s sake, have pity on us! On my two bended knees I pray- Take us out of this gulf of misery and save us from the hunger†. This puts a vivid picture into your head on how bad things were. While reading her this you can sense the desperation and sense how bad things were for many. She was just one among half a million that were evicted to which the Irish call it â€Å"The Great Hunger† and this was one of the reasons of the mass Irish immigration to America, they didn’t have any other options other than to stay and starve. With many leaving so did many of the Irish speaking, in 1901 only about 14 percent of Ireland still spoke their native language. But the Great Famine wasn’t the stop of immigration to America, from 1861 to 1926 four million Irish, mostly Catholics. This amount of Catholic migrants you can imagine didn’t fair to well in American because the majority who practiced religion were protestant and had some sort of British Heritage since it was a British colony at one point. While many were able to migrate away from their problems in Ireland many faced new and similar problems in America. However all of these new problems started in the shipyards of England where many had to leave from mainly in Liverpool. Since

Focused observation 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Focused observation 3 - Essay Example Children of this age also question a lot including ‘how’ and ‘why’ and of course they are talkative. Based on this background and since preschoolers are always filled with enthusiasm I decided to teach them few basics by adopting the fun and play method. One must remember that this age requires a strong foundation on which the growing and learning years can develop on. My action plan involved the delivering the messages of determination and lending a helping hand. I decided to perform a puppet show that narrated the ‘incy-wincy spider’ rhyme. On hearing this all the children became interested to know more and looked on in anticipation as I kept the suspense brewing. The first step was to make a spider and by involving all the children I began teaching them about insects and spiders. My aim was through the process of creating, sticking and coloring the spider the general fear that most children possess about insects, hopefully will be erased. During this process the children began asking various questions about insects such as, how do insects fly? What do insects eat? And the interesting part was the creation of the spider’s legs wherein most children were curious to know why they have two legs and a spider has eight legs. Once the spider was ready next on the agenda was to manufacture rain. Interestingly another opportunity to teach the children about the conservation of water and to protect what God had made i.e. the environment. Therefore after the lecture about rain and how they could save water in their own little ways, the next step involved the developing of rain. Instead of utilizing water as rain I developed a plan wherein with the help of beans I involved the children in painting and the portrayal of raindrops on a chart. The children enjoyed themselves dipping the beans in blue paint and dabbing the same on the chart paper. And I took